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Concurrently, the failure of energy-dependent Na/K-ATPase and calcium pumps leads to sodium and calcium influx, causing cellular swelling and exacerbating calcium overload, while also activating proteases and phospholipases, ultimately inducing necrotic death characterized by membrane rupture [40, 45, 47]

125 Not only is the TSC1TSC2 complex maintained in its active form (phosphorylation of TSC1) by AMPK, but it is also activated by the REDD1 (regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1) protein, itself activated under hypoxic condition

Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Miss Tuqa Saleh Al Shehabi for her assitance in drawing the figures

Persistent water vapor advection also affects the regional radiative budget by enhancing surface radiation trapping, thereby amplifying the severity of heatwaves